About Singing as a Tool

Many musicians shy away from singing. They think that they don’t need it, or that it serves no purpose for them. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth – regardless of what instrument you play, learning to sing will improve your audiation skills, and allow you to express musical ideas in a new way, write songs without needing to hash out the exact melody on your instrument, and fine-tune your sense of pitch. 

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Transcript

After our recent episode with Davin Youngs I thought I’d do an episode about the benefits of singing. But then I changed my mind.

He talked about how wonderful it feels to sing in a group and how emotionally uplifting it can be and how it helps you connect with your own authentic voice. And so I was going to do a followup episode on how singing is so much fun and all the benefits it brings.

And it is fun. And it does bring an amazing range of physical and emotional benefits, whether you’re singing solo or especially in a group. And I think we will do an episode about that in future.

But here’s the thing. I think a lot of you listening do not consider yourselves singers, you’re musicians of all different kinds. And while the fun and the benefits are great and will definitely keep you singing once you get going, I just wasn’t convinced that it would be enough to get you to try it out for yourself.

I realised that actually the point I really wanted to share with you and what might encourage you to give singing a try was the very practical, very useful impact of adding singing to your toolkit as a musician – whether or not you ever decide to get up on stage or join a choir.

How singing is a tool that any musician should be able to use. And it doesn’t take long to master the basics enough for it to be this tool for you.

If you’re listening and thinking “Sure, but I can’t actually sing” then please don’t tune out. Check out our previous episode with George Bevan for clear evidence that even those who think they are “tone deaf” can learn to sing, and we’ll have a link in the shownotes to a guide we’ve written that explains how to do it.

So first let’s define what we’re talking about.

We are not talking about developing an incredible, versatile, knock-your-socks-off ability to sing.

We are not talking about you declaring yourself “a singer” and fronting a band or joining a choir.

What we’re talking about is simply getting to the stage where if you want to sing a certain note or sequence of notes, they’re going to come out clearly and on the right pitches.

That alone is enough to make singing a powerful tool for you. And to give you some idea, with the way we teach it at Musical U you’re looking at maybe a few weeks of practice to get to this level – it doesn’t take long.

Singing as a Tool

So what’s the value of getting to that level of singing ability if you’re not looking to perform as a singer?

There are a bunch of benefits – but the short and simple answer is that it is a way to bring musical ideas from your head out into the world, without the added complication of finding the right notes on an instrument.

If you don’t have singing as a tool then it can feel like there’s a big gulf between hearing something or imagining it in your mind’s ear – and then playing it on your instrument. With singing, you’re able to bridge that gap or remove the need for the instrument step entirely.

Let’s go through some specific benefits and applications of singing as a tool.

Better sense of pitch

First off, learning to sing in tune is one of the best ways to train your sense of pitch. Singing in tune requires two major components: controlling your vocal pitch – but also being able to very clearly and accurately hear and imagine the pitch you’re actually aiming for.

So as you learn to sing in tune you train your ears to hear better whether notes are sharp or flat or perfectly on-pitch. This is something that you might never have had to do before, depending on the instrument you play – and it’s such a fundamental skill you absolutely do not want to overlook it.

You can do “pure” ear training exercises to hone your pitch accuracy too, but learning to sing in tune is an easy, natural and useful way to do it.

Better Audiation

As well as this “real world” pitch training you’re also training your mind’s ear – your ability to audiate, meaning imagine music, with accurate pitch.

In a recent episode we talked about Active Listening, and how it helps you improve your audiation and more vividly remember or create music in your head. Learning to sing in tune similarly develops the accuracy with which you can pitch notes in your mind.

Easier Ear Training

Singing is also an enormous help for ear training. This is something we really emphasise at Musical U and it also came up in our past episode with Brent Vaartstra of Learn Jazz Standards – that when you use your voice as part of ear training exercises you can progress a lot faster.

There are a few specific ways it helps:

  1. As mentioned before, learning to sing also helps you sing “in your mind”, and that means when you’re trying to do ear training exercises and recognise notes, chords, and so on, you have a more powerful musical imagination to bring to the task.
  2. Singing also gives you a way to experiment out loud when trying to do ear training tasks. For example if you’re trying to recognise an interval you might sing the start of a reference song to see if it matches up. If you’re trying to recognise a chord progression you might sing along with the root notes of the chords, the bassline, to see how those pitches compare and that can reveal the chords being used.You can also do some nifty vocal acrobatics, for example if you’re trying to identify a harmonic interval, meaning two notes played at once – being able to sing those two notes back individually transforms it into an ascending or descending interval that you might find it easier to recognise. In time as you get better you’ll probably do these things in your head or skip them entirely, but while you’re learning it’s really helpful to be able to experiment out loud by singing.
  3. The third way singing can help with ear training is by really testing whether you heard what you think you heard. In a lot of cases I would say that if you can’t sing back what you heard, then you haven’t really understood it by ear. One example would be recognising a chord as major or minor. You can listen for the overall sound of the chord – but that’s prone to mistakes, especially in a musical context, and gets harder as you try more ambitious chords like seventh or extended chords. If you’re able to sing back each note of the chord that both tests that you truly heard what was going on, and gives you a clear set of notes to explore and evaluate to identify the chord type, for example identifying the solfa name of each note or the intervals between them.If you find yourself struggling with a pitch-related ear training task, the chances are that you aren’t actually hearing clearly enough yet to be able to sing back each of the notes you’re listening to. Once you practice that and use singing as a tool in this way the actual task tends to become much easier.

The next couple of benefits of using singing as a tool have to do with creativity.

Easier and Freer Experimentation

The first is that singing enables easier and freer experimentation and creation in music. Yes, you can sit with an instrument and noodle around with scales or patterns and try to create something. But that’s both more complicated and more limiting compared with doing it with your voice.

Your singing voice is the most direct path to bring musical ideas you imagine into the world. You have total freedom of pitch so you’re not trapped in memorised patterns or what happens to work well or match your level of instrument technique. And you can immediately express what you want to, and then analyse it after to translate it to an instrument or write it down.

As we talked about with Davin on the last episode, singing is the most natural and direct form of musical expression available to us – it may seem intimidating at the outset but once you break past that little barrier it’s enormously natural and liberating to be able to create music with your voice.

Easier Communication

The final benefit of singing as a tool that I wanted to touch on was communication. Being able to express musical ideas with your voice isn’t just helpful for private creation by yourself. It’s also hugely helpful if you’re collaborating with other musicians.

If you don’t feel able to express your ideas with your voice it can feel very frustrating in a band or other group to have to try to translate what you’re thinking onto your instrument before you can communicate it. If you can just quickly and easily sing the idea you have in mind, you skip all the instrument specifics and complications and can bounce ideas back and forth immediately and directly.

Add singing to your musical toolkit

So this was meant to be a quick five minute episode but it turns out there’s a lot to say! And I definitely haven’t close to covered all the benefits that come from getting a basic level of singing ability under your belt.

So if you’re feeling inspired, please go ahead and take the next step.

At Musical U we specialise in helping people go from zero to being able to sing confidently and reliably in tune, we have a dedicated Roadmap to show you the way. There’ll be a link to that in the shownotes, and we would love to help you make singing a valuable tool in your musical life.

We’ll also have a link in the shownotes to our free guide so that if you’re not ready to join Musical U yet there’s still some easy next steps to get you on your singing journey.

If you’ve felt limited in how you can express your musical ideas, or you’ve found ear training challenging, or you’ve wanted to know that if the need arises you can absolutely sing simple things and sound good, then I hope this episode has encouraged you to add singing to your musical toolkit!

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Many Musical U readers have already started their musical…

https://www.musical-u.com/learn/7-ways-accelerate-ear-training/
Many Musical U readers have already started their musical journey, but are frustrated by slow progress. Does this sound like you? To accelerate your ear training, the Musical U team has these 7 tips to move faster to your goals. https://www.musical-u.com/learn/7-ways-accelerate-ear-training/

Ear training is not just about learning melodies and inte…

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Ear training is not just about learning melodies and intervals. You can learn to identify chords at will with a little bit of chord ear training. To unlock this seemingly magical 🎩 skill, the Musical U team has these suggestions https://www.musical-u.com/learn/training-ears-chords/

Putting the Student First, with Eloise Hellyer

Eloise Hellyer isn’t your ordinary violin teacher. With a unique teaching approach that centers on the student rather than on accepted measures of progress, Eloise started Violin Teachers Blog, where she regularly shares her teaching insights and tips.

In our first interview with Eloise, she shared a goldmine of information about the importance of listening skills for the violin, and divulged some of her secrets for teaching students to listen to the music they are making.

Here, we delve deeper into Eloise’s teaching experience and philosophy. She discusses what makes a good teacher, how she gets reluctant students to pick up their instrument and practice, and a brilliant revelation about an unexpected side benefit of music lessons…

Q: Welcome back to Musical U, Eloise! Last time, we talked about the importance of listening skills for violinists, and a little bit about how to cultivate these skills in your students.

Let’s talk more about pedagogy. What is your personal teaching philosophy?

That’s a complex question – I have been writing about this for three and a half years on my blog and am just getting started!

First of all, it depends on how you define a good teacher. (Here I am not referring to professional schools whose job is to turn out professional musicians.)

Some people think the only important thing is that the students play at the highest level, becoming pros and winning as many competitions as possible.

I don’t agree with this. Teaching should not involve just giving information without taking the hopes, desires, capabilities, ambitions, psychology, and emotions of the student into consideration.

The vast majority of music students do not intend to pursue a career in music but would like to partake in the joys and discipline that the study of music can give.

So I have several “philosophies.” One is: do no harm. There is a lot in that little phrase. How do you avoid doing harm? One of the desires that a teacher has to have is that students feel good about themselves. This doesn’t mean you should build up their self-esteem by telling them how great they are, but that you critique and correct what they do. It does mean that all your criticisms are made with the idea of helping the student do better. That you teach the student and not the instrument.

Violin Teachers Blog

Q: Student-specific troubleshooting really is important for effective music education. Could you expand on the concept of “teaching the student”?

You help students achieve what they want. Teachers shouldn’t invest themselves in the outcome of their students’ careers, or they will wind up doing what is right for the instrument, the parents, music in general, or even themselves – anybody but the student.

I am equally happy when I hear that some of my ex-students get a band together and play wedding gigs for the fun of it as I am when I hear of others that have successful professional careers. What matters to me is the love of music, and the knowledge that I, the teacher, didn’t quash that, but nourished it and gave the possibility to play music to many who would not otherwise have done so.

”Teaching is constant, everyday soul searching. It involves continual reflection on our own motives.”

Music – like talking, communicating, writing and even cooking – is really mostly for the amateurs among us. We sometimes forget this.

Another of my philosophies: never give up. I don’t feel I have the right to decide who plays and who doesn’t. So I continue as long as the parents want to bring me their child, and as long as the child seems to have enthusiasm for playing.

Teachers give up on students sometimes because they have moral scruples about taking money for what they feel are scarce results. I have learned to never worry about that. In this case parents aren’t paying for the results, but for the child’s contact with you as a teacher.

At the very beginning of my career many years ago, I told the parents of two students who never practiced and got no help from their parents that they were wasting their time and money (in much nicer words). They admired me for my honesty, their children stopped lessons and I still feel awful about it years later. I had no right to do that – I was thinking about the parents’ money and, in hindsight, my comfort, and I did a disservice to two kids.

Q: Those are two excellent golden rules for teaching music. In your opinion, philosophies aside, what makes a good teacher?

I wish I could make a list of qualities that a teacher must have, but as in a blog post I recently wrote, there is no right personality. There are only the right motivations and the right attitude.

I am the most impatient person I know – and all my students know it, yet I am considered to be quite effective and lots of people still bring me their children for many years. I am impatient with myself – if a child doesn’t get something, I break my neck to help him, racking my brain to think of new approaches before the student starts to think something is wrong with himself.

Being patient is not always a virtue, you see. If I wait until a student “gets” it, either I didn’t pick the right thing to teach him, or I am just being lazy. In any case, why you do what you do is extremely important and having the right attitude is just as important.

Eloise teaching a student violinThe most important thing, however, is to be aware. Teaching is constant, everyday soul searching. It involves continual reflection on our own motives. Awareness is everything. If you are aware of what you are doing, you may still do it, but at least you know why and aren’t fooling yourself or anyone else.

That openness to other people, empathy – the capacity to put yourself into someone else’s shoes and the desire to have an exchange with your students – is incredibly important if you love music and want your students to love it, too.

If you are only impersonally giving information, that’s a one way street – something a student can get on the internet. When you are teaching, you are exchanging energy and ideas!

At the beginning, a lot of teachers worry about doing this and how to do it, but if you relax, let go, concentrate on your student and let your intuition take over, you’ll be fine.

Q: Putting students’ needs first and cultivating self-awareness as a teacher is certainly important! Once you learn the student’s goals and have a teaching game plan, what are your tricks for getting students to practice, when they don’t want to?

That is an excellent question. The answer is as varied as my students are. I think the important thing is that the parents see music education to be as important as reading and writing. Parents don’t see themselves as forcing their children to go to school. They just go to school. They don’t force them to speak their native tongue or go adhere to a certain religion either. It’s just done.

But when we get to music lessons, there’s a lot of angst out there about whether “forcing” music lessons and practicing on a child is a good idea. The day we all decide as a culture that playing a musical instrument is an essential part of anyone’s education, then practicing will get a lot easier for everyone. It’s part of homework. It gets done. Period.

One of the most important things that music education gives you is discipline. And the children who need it the most are often the hardest to give it to. In any case, I have all kinds of tactics, including asking a student to practice for only 10 minutes a day – not much for a nine year old, say. They are so relieved that they will practice longer.

I will have students send me text messages every time they practice. I will ask for practice logs on occasion. I have even had them sign little “contracts” that I write out in their music book. Some of my ex-students still laugh about that 20 years later.

Q: That’s amazing! Let’s take the worst case scenario: the student still does not practice, but continues lessons. What can a teacher do in this case?

Sometimes, teachers have to resign themselves to the fact that the student just isn’t going to practice, and wait for things to get better. They often do. I still say though that the most important thing is to convince the parents of the importance of music education and that it should not be considered as optional.

The secret is the parents.

Young student holding up a violin victoriouslyAnother thing for teachers to keep in mind, as a sort of silver lining: sometimes practicing is not the only important thing. This might be an odd thing to say, but not all students take music lessons to learn to play an instrument. That’s sort of a by-product. What they are getting is intense personal attention from an adult who is not emotionally involved with them.

The one-on-one nature of the music lessons promotes this and it can be quite important for a young person to have an adult in his life that he can trust, someone who is not judging him or giving him a grade. Don’t underestimate the value of this.

I have had numerous students who were not great at practicing consistently but told me that they got something important from studying from me: “life lessons.” I don’t know what they are talking about specifically, as I was just trying to teach him how to play the violin, but him and his parents saw value in what we were doing and continued it even though, musically speaking, the results weren’t impressive.

Musicians and teachers cannot always know the effect that they have on people when they exercise their art. Sometimes it is much greater than we could ever imagine. There are violinists who, unbeknownst to them, have changed people’s lives with their music. The same thing for teachers. This is why it’s important to keep right motivation and right attitude always in mind. You just never know!

Q: I’m intrigued by your passion about the responsibility and power of teachers. Can you please explain to us how you learned the “art of transmission”?

I didn’t learn the art of transmission. I just became aware I was doing it. The good news is that most musicians know how to do this. They just have to consciously apply it to their teaching.

I think most people tend to have the idea that they can think what they please and not transmit it. But don’t you have a good idea of someone’s opinion of you even if they never say a word? Don’t you know when someone likes you or doesn’t? Don’t you even seem to know if someone is happy or not?

”What matters to me is the love of music, and the knowledge that I, the teacher, didn’t quash that, but nourished it and gave the possibility to play music to many who would not otherwise have done so.”

We all transmit whether or not we are aware of it. So no human being has to learn to transmit, just to be aware that we do it and learn to control it.

How? Watch what you think. If you have a poor opinion of a student, you will transmit it on some level, which is not conducive to teaching or learning. How can you help your feelings? When we are concentrated on the task at hand, like and dislike are out of the picture. I know lots of musicians who don’t like to play, say, Brahms – yet when they play it you would never know this. In that moment, they don’t know they don’t like it either, as they are concentrated on the music instead of themselves.

So if you remember to concentrate on teaching, and understand that your feelings and opinions about someone are not important and maybe even wrong, then you’ll be on the right track towards becoming a teacher who truly has their students’ progress and best interests at heart.

Violin Teachers Blog

If you can play a musical instrument, does this mean you know how to teach it? Not necessarily. That’s why there are all sorts of didactic courses and methods available to music teachers. But while these can be very helpful, even they don’t guarantee good teaching.

So what makes a good teacher? Indeed, what is teaching anyway? It’s certainly a lot more than just giving information. It is ineffable, important and powerful. It can either do great good, an effect that can be felt for generations, or great harm, if done improperly.

Thank you so much for sharing your teaching wisdom today! We’re incredibly excited to learn more about your take on teaching in your upcoming book. Please keep us up-to-date on all that you are doing to improve the experience and learning of students and teachers alike.

Inspire your own teaching wisdom

Eloise overflows with wisdom for teachers, students, and parents alike. Her upcoming book, Inspired Teaching, explores what teaching is, its responsibilities, how to approach it, and its pitfalls. It also includes sections for children’s parents to help them choose a teacher and cope with practice problems. In addition, there are valuable interviews with famous musicians and teachers, Ruggiero Ricci, Robert Mann and Gil Shaham among them.

An optimistic and student-centric approach is an effective tool in ensuring that both the teacher and student are happy with the lessons and the results. Take a page out of Eloise’s book by dreaming up new ways of ensuring your students are getting the most out of their lessons with you!

The post Putting the Student First, with Eloise Hellyer appeared first on Musical U.

At Musical U, we use the musicality to refer to the inner…

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At Musical U, we use the musicality to refer to the inner skills that allow musicians to freely and confidently express themselves in music. And its something that all musicians can have with training. What inner skills can you develop? https://www.musical-u.com/learn/what-is-musicality/

Singing that Sounds Good – and Beyond, with Davin Youngs

Can you imagine a room full of non-singers trying to sing, all together, completely improvised?

You’re probably imagining total unmusical chaos, right? You might be surprised by what’s possible…

Today we’re talking with Davin Youngs, founder of Davin Youngs Voice, Chicago Circle Singing and the VOXUS Experience. Davin is a remarkable singing educator and although (as you’ll hear in this episode) he doesn’t much care about pedagogy for the sake of pedagogy, he does actually have a fascinating, unusual and in my opinion wonderful approach to helping people learn to sing and express themselves with their voice.

In this conversation we talk about:

  • How group improvised singing can work even if the participants aren’t trained to improvise – or sing!
  • Why focusing on what “sounds good” is not necessarily the right way to improve as a singer.
  • How someone who grew up as a natural singer ended up specialising in helping those who don’t feel natural at all to find their authentic voice and start expressing themselves through singing.

We were really happy to have the chance to speak with Davin and learn more about his innovative projects. There were a ton of useful insights and ideas in this conversation, whether you consider yourself “a singer” or not.

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Transcript

Christopher: Welcome to the show, Davin. Thank you for joining us today.

Davin: Thanks for having me. I’m excited to be here.

Christopher: So can we begin with a little bit about your own background story in music? How did you first get started singing?

Davin: Well, that’s kind of a tricky question, because it feels like it’s something I’ve always done, and honestly, I think a lot of people who associate themselves as singers feel that way. It’s kind of a part of their identity, a part of their existence, whether they do it in front of people, or not. But I grew up with the ability to use my voice routinely in a church setting, and so from a very, very young age I was in front of people singing, specifically at church, but then early on in voice lessons and then at school and musical productions and choir and so forth.

So singing, specifically, has — as long as I can remember, it’s been a part of what I do and who I am. But would say some of the most, some of the most influential parts of that were leading people and singing in front of my small town, rural church experience and then some of the opportunities I got in school choir just participating in making music with what became some my closest friends and the choir director at the time, who was an incredible mentor to me.
So it’s really an essential and identity-associated part of my story and something that’s always been a part of who I am.

Christopher: And, was that something that was in your household growing up, too? Do you come from a musical family?

Davin: Yeah. My whole family participates in music in one way or the other and my mom, specifically, probably has the least natural ability out of any of us, but she was the great support system and the person who would drive us to music lessons and attend all of our concerts and take way too many pictures and hold the tape recorder up when we used tapes to record my lessons, etcetera. So it was something that was very much supported in the community around me, and my family didn’t pursue it. No one in my family pursued it to the level that I have, but they’ve all participated and continued to participate in music in one way, shape or form.

Christopher: So it sounds like it definitely came naturally from an early age. Was it clear to you throughout that you were destined to be a singer?

Davin: Well, yes. (Laughs) And I can’t say that it hasn’t been, you know, filled with all sorts of existential crises along the way. But you know, I really — where I am in life right now, I don’t look at being a singer as vocation. I look at it as more of a, kind of grand calling, a human identity, and when I can think about singing like that I know that that’s always been my calling. It’s always been — from my earliest age, it’s always been part of what I was supposed to do, to use my voice beyond the spoken word and so it seems like that when I can understand singing like that, it is part of what’s always supposed to have been for me.

But when I look at it as a vocation, you know, when I was quite young I landed in a private voice lesson setting where I studied classical singing styles really early on. I started at the age of 11 and I had a lot of success doing that. I was a naturally gifted operatic baritone when I was very young and I had success winning competitions and I received a lot of affirmation for singing in this, sort of, heroic style and I pursued that in college with the intention of beginning an opera singer, and that’s when you can, like, cue existential crisis number one as happens to many of us in college.

Davin: (Laughs) I landed in a fantastic conservatory and was able to study with a premier pedagogue and I just walked away feeling like I didn’t want to be an opera singer, and it was a really difficult time in that I had put all these years and all this effort into learning specifically classical singing and that’s when I started to really question, like, “What am I actually supposed to do with my voice?”

Christopher: Hm. That’s fascinating, because I think up until that point, your story sounds like the background story of someone who just became a professional singer, and I don’t mean just in the sense of diminishing the importance of that with the grand career you can have as a singer, but you are someone who now aside from singing also is a very influential educator in the world of singing, and I think it’s unusual to hear from someone who was on such a — I suppose — such a singing-focused path who is now so broad in how they help others to sing. I’d love to hear how that existential crisis resolved and led you to this different direction for your calling.

Davin: Well, it hasn’t resolved, but that was just the first of many.

Christopher: Let’s say “how it developed”.

Davin: No, I think that — yeah, sure. No, I think that — so I think for a lot of people who participate in music in maybe a hobby-like setting and then they look at people who do it professionally, who earn money — and when I say professionally, I strictly mean, like, make some money making music. There are an incredible amount of variations in terms of professionalism in making music, and by the way, it doesn’t always have to do with skill, either. That’s an important thing to note. There are a lot of people that make money doing music that aren’t necessarily the most skilled musicians and there are a lot of people who are incredibly skilled who never make a dime.

So there are a lot of systems in place, especially around music education that point — can tend to point — a person in a specific direction. So in the western musical tradition, especially the academic tradition, most institutions are based in musical theater and classical singing styles and some jazz. You’ll find jazz. There are very, very few institutions that educate on any sort of other styles, whether that be popular music or world music — I use that term begrudgingly, but, you know, styles that come from different ethnic groups around the world — and so it — the path that I took is a very natural path in terms of our educational systems, but in hindsight, what I realized is that although I don’t regret any of that, as it led to where I am today, I wish the systems would have enabled me to explore vocally more because — and I don’t know that I would have, quite honestly, because I was having a lot of success doing what I was doing, but when I think about singing as a means or as a way of exploring my identity, I’m so much more than that one style of music and so I think that was the first time I really encountered that when I — as one does when they’re 21 years old, was in college when I started to go, “Okay. What’s the life I want to create for myself if it involves music and singing?” and, specifically, the path of classical singer wasn’t what I wanted to do and so I think if you look at any professional musician, there are key moments in their lives like that, and if they haven’t had those, they probably haven’t developed much as an artist, because it’s a essential part of becoming a more realized human being but a fully capable artist, is to really question your education, question your path, what you’ve been doing. So it has not in any way been a direct path, and I still feel like it’s a zig-zag all the time.

Christopher: I’m sure that’s reassuring to a lot of our listeners to hear. So when you realized that the classical path maybe wasn’t right for you, how did you go about exploring and zig-zagging and broadening, from there?

Davin: Well, it’s, of course, a long story, and I won’t dig into the external stuff as much, but just to say that I actually went and worked in an office. I worked non-profit arts administration work. I didn’t pursue professional singing. I did little bits. I sang in professional choirs on the side and I taught, because I had a degree that, you know, allowed me to say I could do that, but if you fast-forward a number of years, I was introduced to — I returned to the Oberlin Conservatory for a symposium on contemporary commercial music and it was — and that was very, very unique for Oberlin, which was a strictly strictly classically driven vocal school.

There’s a jazz program there, but that’s it, and so at that symposium I met a woman named Jeanie Lovetri, who has been a pedagogue for many years who’s operated within these systems that are so classically oriented and kind of been a voice of questioning throughout, saying, you know, a lot of people look at these teaching methods or these methodologies as superior, but we also know that we have artists throughout time who have created years and years of music healthfully and with much success and we don’t know how they’re doing what they’re doing — or, that’s not actually true. She’s saying we actually do know how they’re doing what they’re doing, but a lot of us aren’t teaching to that. Scientists told us we — there is enough contemporary science to know.

And so that experience was super transformative for me, because I realized that physiologically my technique, a lot of the stuff I had been working so hard on for so many years was actually why I felt so confused as a singer. I wasn’t able to functionally make some of the sounds that made, that felt more authentic to me as a singer.

Christopher: That’s really interesting. So can you give us an example of the kind of insight or breakthrough you had after discovering there was this other way to think about learning to sing?

Davin: Yeah. I mean, the bottom line is, is that a lot of teachers teach singing in terms of sound, and they teach singing in terms of what they think sounds good and that — honestly, a lot of systems have supported that, and a lot of people don’t even know that they’re doing it, but the problem with what sounds good is it’s not always what’s functionally most free for the singer, and so that really — that seems basic. When you say to most people, when people go into my private studio space and I say to them, “You know, I’m really listening for what’s going on in your throat when you make sound,” people kind of look at me like, “Duh.”

Christopher: (Laughs)

Davin: But I’m — what I’m saying is, is that not everyone does that, and they don’t always know that they don’t do it, but when we make sounds, there is actual physical manifestation of a sound. There’s something happening in your throat and when we can learn to hear the function of it we can respond to the sound with exercises that would encourage the singer to sing with more physical freedom, and physical freedom always translates into a more beautiful sound, always, because it’s the body that makes the sound.

So meeting Jeanie was really the first time I had ever heard anyone say that, and it was the first time I ever heard anyone do exercises that didn’t sound good and I started to understand more fully that the exercise is the stimulus and the way in which the person sings aftwerwards is the response. But the stimulus is so essential, and so if we’re doing sounds all the time that we think sound good, it might be an improper stimulus. Does that make sense?

Christopher: It does make sense. I wonder, could you give us an example from your own experience or with a student of a particular thing, where you could hear, you know, their throat wasn’t quite working right and you could do an exercise to help them free that up.

Davin: Yeah. So in somatic voice work and in functional vocal training, the paramount piece is what we call, “register,” and register for a singer is typically — and this is probably pretty common terminology — is chest register and head register, and in men’s voice sometimes we call it falsetto, and there are people that would argue that head register and falsetto are two different things, but for right now, I’m just going to use them interchangeably.

And then the way in which those registers are able to work together is mix, mixing the voice. So if you were to google, you know, singing technique, especially around any sort of commercial styles, you would probably hear something along those lines. The thing is, is you’d probably also hear a lot about breath and resonance and a lot of other stuff and all of that is potentially important, but it’s not as important as register, because register refers to the ways in which the vocal chords actually close. They come together and that’s the manifestation of the sound. That’s where the sound begins.

So if I’m able to hear that a singer comes in and there’s an imbalance in registration– and that imbalance usually looks like one of three things: too much chest, too much head, or caught in a mix. That’s what most of us experience, myself included, and this is after years of working with Jeanie, where I was actually — I used to sing with a very chest-dominant sound. It was super heavy, it would get really woofy on top, dark, and it’s what people liked, it’s what they were impressed by, but it didn’t feel good when I made the sound, and especially when I sang more contemporary pop, it just wasn’t appropriate. It sounded, you know, like an opera singer trying to sing pop music.

And so in working with Jeanie I really was able to create a better, lighter mix and now I sing much more successfully with a contemporary pop sound in a light, what I would call a light chest mix and I like to sing R&B and pop and rock and so that’s, those are the dominant sounds that you hear. So specifically, in terms of exercise, I — there are a million options, but the exercises need to encourage the singer to go one of those different directions and the most exciting part is, is that the journey never ends, because we’re always out of balance, you know, we’re always trying to create some better balance in terms of the way in which our voice functions, and so for me, I haven’t been feeling very well, lately. I’ve had some illness floating around and so my voice feels so out of whack, right now, but the good news is, is that when I get healthy I have a series of exercises that I can go through to kind of bring things back into balance.

Christopher: Hm. What I love about that is that it’s very, kind of, step-by-step and practical, and I think singing, maybe more than any other instrument, is so wrapped up in myths and confusion, and this idea that, you know, you’ve just got to do it naturally and if it doesn’t come naturally, you’re not a singer, and, you know, a lot of people can feel like, you know, learning to sing is beyond them, and it’s, kind of, this mystical thing that you’ve got to have a gift to even begin, and, from what you’ve described there, it sounds a lot more, kind of, scientific and analytical, and, you know, if there’s a problem, we’ll address it and we’ve got exercises to help us do that.

Davin: Totally, and that takes all the pressure off the singers. That’s the beauty of working with a teacher who can listen functionally, is that the objective is to help you make the sound with more freedom. Now, that is not to discount the fact that singing is an incredibly vulnerable act and it takes a lot of bravery just to stand up in front of someone and use your voice. It doesn’t discount the fact that there’s a lot of psychological and spiritual and emotional baggage that comes up when you sing, but it takes the pressure off of necessarily fixing all that first, because that’s going to naturally come forth.

It happens with anything we do with the body, whether that be yoga, athletics — you know, there’s all this stuff that we carry around with us that’s a part of our story. A lot of it gets trapped in our throat. That’s really an important component, but you know what? I’m not a therapist. I’m a teacher of singing, and so my first objective is to lead you into the experience of making as free and as easy a sound in as most efficient a way possible, and from there we can see what comes up, but I love that about functional training, because I used to teach with a lot of metaphor, you know, asking people to sing like a tree. I’m exaggerating a little bit, but you do hear that a lot, and it doesn’t mean anything. It potentially means something to someone, potentially. Potentially I could tell you to sing like a tree and you could have a positive experience, but it doesn’t mean something specific for your throat, and that’s what functional training does, is, it allows a singer into a specific experience of making a specific type of sound as well as they’re able to.

Christopher: So we were introduced by Meagan Nixon, a former guest on the show, and I’m so thankful to her for making the introduction, because when I looked at your websites, I just found it so refreshing and enlightening, because you have this quite pragmatic, analytical, down-to-earth, let’s-figure-out-the-problem-and-solve-it kind of approach to teaching singing, but at the same time, you’re not a boring scientist in a lab. You actually talk, at the same time, a lot about the spiritual side of things and having an authentic voice and how people can have a very deep and meaningful experience through singing, and, you know, that’s not a combination you often find out there.

Davin: Well, it’s so important to me. I literally was just in exchange with a fellow voice teacher yesterday, and I kind of facetiously asked her if she cared about pedagogy and she responded, “You know, I don’t think I actually do,” and I responded, “You know what? Good, because I don’t think I do, either.”

The thing is, I only care about it as a means to an end. I only care about it as an opportunity to lead a human into a more fully realized experience of themselves.

There are other people who really love pedagogy for the sake of pedagogy, and I don’t discount — that has — I mean, we have to have those people, that’s how we learn, but I think me, specifically, the reason I sing is to feel more alive, to feel more human, and so from a teaching and leading and coaching standpoint, the thing that’s most important to me is to bring, draw people into that act, and fortunately, I have some understanding of pedagogy that allows me to do that, as well.

Christopher: You have a fascinating project called, “The Chicago Singing Circle,” which is maybe a great example of your work in that area. It’s been running, I think, monthly for two years, now, and you welcome anybody to come along and take part in improvised group singing. Now, improvisation and singing are two things that I know a lot of people in our audience are probably feeling, even just at the mention of them, they’re probably feeling a bit nervous.

You know, improvisation in music is putting yourself out there. It’s scary if you don’t know how to do it. Singing is something that, as we touched on before, a lot of people feel like they’ve either got a natural flair for it and it comes easily, or they aren’t a natural singer and they’re just not gonna do it. How does that work? Is this something for advanced singers, only, that they can show up and take part in improvised group singing?

Davin: No, absolutely. I mean, literally anyone, regardless of whether they feel successful as a singer in any way, we encourage them and welcome them into our group. You know, after I met Jeanie and worked and studied somatic voice work, I think, for about two years, I had this urge to kind of explore my own voice with this newfound functional freedom, and so I learned about a workshop at the Omega Institute in Rhinebeck, New York with the famous musician, Bobby McFerrin that was all about improvised singing, and that’s kind of his, uh, his, he has spent years working at his successful improvisation, and so I attended this workshop over a week, and you literally just improvise and sing for a week and the workshop starts with about 180 singers and it slowly gets smaller throughout the week, but this was an incredibly pivotal point for me, because as someone who felt stylistically confused, I realized that I had all of these sounds and all of this opportunity at the ready and I just needed the freedom to be able to explore that, and so I left that workshop learning these methods of improvisation and brought that back to Chicago and happened to have a friend that had just moved here who is an expert at this, as well,and we started these, servicing the gatherings, these monthly gatherings, and essentially what happens is, we lead people into a space through exercises, through games that are traditional games of improvisation, but applied to using our voice, and really just making up sounds. There’s no right or wrong sound in this setting, and we give you the tools to feel safe being silly and making stuff up, but essentially what we do is, we make up sounds and we create patterns that then lead us into an orchestra of voices, and you realize how quickly we can create, together as a group, create something that is quite meaningful and spontaneous.

Christopher: So I think from your description just there, our listeners might be imagining a kind of music therapy session where everyone gets in a room and they just make noise until they feel better and probably to anyone walking past the room it sounds like a cacophony and no one would call it music, but I’ll — let’s put in a little clip of what your Chicago circle singing can sound like.

[Inserted clip at [00:22:59]

Christopher: So that is far from a cacophony. That is what anyone would call great sounding music. How does that come from a bunch of people who aren’t necessarily musically trained getting together and improvising sounds?

Davin: So it’s all based in pattern. You know, the thing is, is it’s a difficult thing to describe to people, but one of the closest things that you might be able to correlate with what we do is a drum circle. So in a drum circle, which, you know, has a million connotations for a lot of people, but you could imagine a drum circle where someone originates a beat and then people add in various rhythms.

We do that with the voices, but there are some tools and patterns that we can draw people into the experience quickly, helping them explore the different parts of their voice. They might the different types of sounds, simple things like consonants.

A lot of what we do is nonsense syllables, but the goal is to quickly and efficiently make patterns so that the group can build upon the pattern, and quite honestly, that’s the key to songwriting. We look for, we try to quickly gain access to melody, pattern, groove, rhythm, and from there you try to create something a little bit more complex, but it always starts with that really simple formula, and for me, you know, I never felt like a songwriter in my whole life, and one of the things that improvisation has allowed me is a way in to songwriting. I do write songs now, and it all started with me just making stuff up along the way, but we also use words.

We encourage people to use words, if that feels right to them at the time. It is remarkably quick for most people, and that is the surprise of it all, and it has a lot to do with the success of the facilitation, but also just the human spirit and the ability to, kind of, like, know what it is to make something in the moment with a group of people that makes sense. That’s really the greater lesson is, is that we can so quickly, based on our experiences, we can so quickly land on something collectively, and that’s a big blessing for me, outside of music-making.

Christopher: That’s really interesting. I think what captures my imagination with this is that you’re not talking about people getting together in a room and thinking about, “Okay. We’re gonna sing a 1-4-5 progression. You do the arpeggios, I’m gonna throw in a major seventh, so it sounds kind of snazzy.” You’re talking about people who don’t have that kind of formal training, who aren’t kind of thinking through music theory, who haven’t spent years practicing improvisation, who haven’t even spent years training their voice, but you’re somehow tapping into an instinct for music, I suppose.

Davin: Well, and I always say — you know, most people, when you say improvisation, their first fear is that they’re gonna have to make something up, and while there is an element of making it up, there is also a much greater element of drawing on your experience, and the bottom line is, unless you, you know, can’t hear, you’ve had a lot of experience listening to music. There’s a lot of context in your head, already, and one of — the reason that circle singing, specifically, as an improvisational tool and singing tool spoke to me is for years, as someone who had a teaching studio, I would think, “Wouldn’t it be great if we could get people singing to sing together?” but I work with such a diverse clientele, you know, from gospel singers to attorneys to rock singers to doctors to, you know, waiters, I mean, massage therapists, I could name — you know, I’ve worked with literally every type of person you could possibly imagine, and it never ceases to amaze me, and I’ve never known, what do all of those people sing together? Is it folk music, is it church music, is it — you know, they don’t have the same context, so the beauty of improvisation is it allows us to enter the space with our diverse set of experiences and stories and create something spontaneous that speaks to the experience in the moment and brings our stories into the picture.

I can’t think of anything else that would do that, especially so quickly, and there’s science around specifically doing it with your voice that leads people into a close connection more quickly than anything else, that they would feel a closeness more quickly using their voices than they would with an instrument, than they would playing sports, doing other artistic acts, you know, those are all social bonding things, but there’s something about the vulnerability of using your voice with others that leaves you walking away feeling changed, having spent that time with other people.

Christopher: I think that definitely comes across in the video on the Chicago Singing Circle website, and we’ll put a link to that in the show notes. I’d encourage listeners to go take a look and get a feel for how, kind of, viscerally connected these people seem to be in the moment when it works, but Davin, you touched on something interesting, there, when you said, facilitator, and how important the facilitator can be. When we talk about improvisation at Musical U, we try and explain to people, you know, it is a matter of balance between drawing on frameworks and patterns that make it kind of easy and safe and also giving yourself enough space to be creative and expressive and come up with new musical ideas, and I imagine that’s part of the challenge as a facilitator, you know, trying to draw people away from bland, safe, repetitive choices in music that just sounds very samey for minutes or hours at a time, and everyone just going off in a completely random direction and, you know, creating sounds that just don’t gel well with the rest of the group. How do you approach that challenge as the facilitator?

Davin: Well, I mean, we leave space for all of it, so there are times when we make sounds that don’t gel, you know, or allow that to happen, because if — quite honestly, when you let that, like, sit, it eventually coagulates, and sometimes our traditional understanding of what gels isn’t exactly a full understanding. It doesn’t provide us access to the full spectrum, so there are times where we let people really be uncomfortable with the crunchiness of the sounds that they might be making, and then, you know, what you’re saying is true.

So most people’s instinct, when you talk about improvisation and singing, is to resort to tradition scat syllables, so whether that be (Sings) “Bah-doo-bah-doo-bah-zee-bah-doo-bah,” that’s most people’s instinct, because when they think about improvised singing, that’s the first thing that comes to mind, so that’s why we’ll take people through exercises that allow them to explore, like, different consonants, like, what would it be if I only sang on “cuh,” you know? What if I made a whole song just going, (Sings) “Cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh?” Maybe it’s not any good, I don’t know, but what happens? What does it feel like in my mouth? What do I find in my body when I make that sound?

So you have to have explored the farthest reaches to come back to a more comfortable middle, and most of us, most of us, myself included, are afraid to really go there, most of the time. So in the facilitation, the exercises typically point people in one direction or another, but I count my success as a facilitator in my ability to be free while having the context of having studied music for a long time. You know, I have an understanding of harmonic structures. I have an understanding of rhythm, and I think that that’s necessary to feel skilled in this, but I don’t think it’s necessary to find your way in to this.

Christopher: Hm. So speaking of finding your way in, the Chicago Circle Singing is something where you invite anyone to come along and so the people who show up have a certain willingness to put themselves in that vulnerable situation and, you know, give this whole improvised group singing thing a try, but you actually take that a whole step further with another project which is your Voxus experience, which is where you don’t just invite people to volunteer to come along, you’re actually putting on corporate workshops where huge groups of people don’t even necessarily know in advance they’re going to be getting into this, and you show up and you lead them through this kind of improvised group singing. Could you tell us a bit about that, and how it works, or if it works?

Davin: Yeah. So it works, I promise. That’s the first thing I’ll say. It’s never not worked. So I have — I had the opportunity to teach some private voice lessons, or our group voice class at Google here in Chicago, and I left that experience feeling a little bit dissatisfied. It just felt slow, like, I felt like I wasn’t able to lead the Google employees into an experience of singing in the way that I wanted them to experience as quickly as I wanted to, and although they learned a lot about their voices, I just felt like — because, there just wasn’t enough time, and so when I encountered this improvisation, I thought, “Oh, this is how I can get into the corporate arena and help people into the experience of singing quickly,” and that’s when I came up with the idea for Voxus, which is a company that specifically targets groups.
You know, we’ve kind of angled ourselves toward corporate groups, but we can really work — I’ve done, you know, church groups, we’ve done non-profit schools, really any group of people, quite honestly, who were to gather, I can lead them into an experience, somewhat unexpectedly, of making music and singing, and I have to say that whenever you have a group of people, there will be a critical mass of people that are game and are willing, because most of us have singing as a part of our story in one way, shape, or form. For some people it might be traumatic. It might have been a bad part of their story. For a lot of people, it’s something that they do commonly privately, you know, I mean, in the shower or in the car, but especially when you’re in a group of people, chances are, there’s someone who loves karaoke, there’s someone who has a band outside of work, there’s someone who sang in high school choir, there’s someone who majored in music and has since left it. So there are always people that are ready and game and willing, and the other people just, kind of, end up coming along by default, because when you do something collectively, something so visceral, something so fully present, it’s difficult not to participate, and the beauty of it is, is that no one gets hurt.

Christopher: (Laughs)

Davin: It’s singing. It’s not that big of a deal, you know, I don’t understate the value that it has for some people, but I always joke, I mean, no small animals are going to be hurt as a result of us singing together. In fact, I can promise that as a result of singing together, you will be physiologically changed. The hormonal structure of your brain will change because you made sounds.

So that’s why it works. That’s why it works, is because by its very nature, singing creates change, and so that’s been really, really, fear-inducing for me to enter into those spaces and be like, “Man, I hope this happens,” but also I have enough experience now to just be confident that it will happen.

Christopher: Amazing, and I would highly encourage anyone listening to go and check out the video on the Voxus website. We’ll put a link in the shownotes so that you can see this in action. It’s really quite inspiring.

I have to ask the devil’s advocate question, though. We recently on the show had Casey McCann from Eclectic Music, and one of the things we were talking about was the unfortunate state of adult singing ability. She was talking particularly in the United States, but she was giving the example of when you’re at a restaurant and a group sings, “Happy Birthday,” a lot of the people can’t actually sing it in tune , and I think you and I would both agree that’s not any, you know, fundamental failing on their part. It’s not anything physical or fundamental that holds them back, it’s just that we don’t necessarily train people to sing in tune very well in our culture in the U.S., in the U.K., around the world.

When you go in to those big groups where people haven’t even self-selected as being up for singing, do you have any trouble that half of them just sing out of tune and whatever you do, it doesn’t quite sound musical, or do you somehow find a way to draw on everyone’s level of ability that makes it work?

Davin: Well, we certainly can draw on everyone’s level of ability. Look, I mean, you might not feel like you can use your actual voice, but you certainly can make some vocal percussion or bang on your body or something like that. There’s a way in for everyone to participate in the music, but, I have to say that, as a teacher singing — and this is my personal opinion, and I don’t know t there’s literature on this — but as a teacher singing, when we feel fear that has a physical implication, so if I feel self-conscious in making sound, that shows up in my body, and the infrequency of people doing that collectively, I think, has a big part, or, is a big part of their lack of skill around it. They don’t feel physically in their bodies when they make the sound, because it’s not something they ever do. Why would they? You know, they don’t do that in front of people, so suddenly you’re at a restaurant and you’re supposed to sing, “Happy Birthday,” and there’s actually no one in the group that can carry the tune, you know, and then there’s an overall self-consciousness that covers the whole experience, and then the tune gets worse, and it’s terrible.

So I think one of the things that we do in the setting is, quite honestly, lead people into an energized version of their physical self, I mean, they’re physically participating, which automatically makes them better singers, you know, the body is what is making the sound. The body is what is making the sound. A lot of times in life, in contemporary culture, we feel disconnected from our bodies. It’s impossible to sing and be disconnected from your body — to sing well, especially, and so I don’t think that people, I don’t think that people lack skill. I think people lack experience and I think that the overall pervasive feeling of self-consciousness or fear around using our voices publicly plays into some of those patterns that we see.

Christopher: So Davin, a lot of people in our audience are a bit later in life and, you know, at Musical U, we’re constantly having people join with a real concern that because they’re coming to it in retirement, or because they didn’t have music education early on, maybe it’s too late for them, and, you know, they can still enjoy a bit of music learning, but they’re maybe past the point of really getting the hang of it.

What’s your own opinion of that, particularly when it comes to singing? Is there a point where it’s just too late for people to really get into being a singer?

Davin: No, and I have a specific story that — well, no, it’s never too late, and I have a story to tell you that will resonate for a lot of people. There was a woman who came to me. She had come to an event at my studio where we were actually singing Christmas carols, and she came to me, and I don’t know her exact age, but I’m gonna guess that she was in her early sixties at the time that we met, and she had believed all of her life that she was, quote-end-quote, tone deaf, and, you know, science tells us that that’s not really a thing, that when someone struggles to sing in tune, it’s actually an issue of coordination, and so in working with her, when she came and she started voice lessons together, it was a struggle, to say the least. I mean, we spent a lot of voice lessons really working on just getting her to even use her voice with any sort of level of physical comfort, because it had been so many years of fear around the sound, but I’m happy to report, now — and this is no small commitment. I think it’s been four, almost five years, but she sings songs completely in tune the whole time, and she’s participating in a choir, and those two things at times can seem insignificant to her, because she’s thinking, “Why is this taking so long?” but for me, I’m thinking, in the context of your life, after all of these years of avoiding this task, this is an incredibly short amount of time to make your way into doing it successfully.
Now, she is not the most naturally gifted singer that I’ve worked with, but that’s not the point. The point is that it brings her joy to use her voice, and as a means of learning and consistency and hard work, she has been able to bring herself into the music-making process with success. In this case, the success is just showing up and being able to sing in tune, and that story, for me, is always a great reminder, and I have to say, most people don’t stick it out. Most people aren’t willing to put in the amount of time that it’s going to take, and I’m always very honest, but this specific client has stuck it out for the appropriate amount of time and it has a result. She’s yielding the results.

Christopher: That’s wonderful, and I think it’s a beautiful counterpart to your circle singing, where, you know, anyone can walk up and be part of music making immediately. At the same time, if you want to be a confident solo singer and sing perfectly in tune, and you’re willing to put in a few years, there’s no reason you can’t get there, whatever stage you’re at in life.

Davin: Yes, absolutely. The last thing I want to say about this is that — specifically, to singing — as we get older, the body changes, and so there are new challenges that are presented, specifically for women who go through menopause. They experience, you know, the hormonal changes that may make things like warming up their voice seem like they take longer, and that is true. It’s a fact, so there are changes that we experience physically that can make things feel challenging in a different way, but the only way to get through that is to do it, to use it, and I know from working with a number of people past 60 and even into their seventies, that the more consistent they are, the more able they are to maintain muscle tone and coordination in terms of making the sound, and they can find just as much success as someone quite a bit younger.

Christopher: Fantastic. Well, I hope anyone who is listening to this and has felt that self-conscious fear about singing or worried that there isn’t a route into singing for them is feeling inspired, right now, and if you need any further inspiration, I would definitely recommend checking out Davin’s website, particularly chicagosingingcircle.com and voxusexperience.com, V-O-X-U-S. We will have links to those and davinyoungsvoice.com in the shownotes.

Do head to those websites, watch the videos, and I guarantee you will come away with a new inspiration and confidence that singing might be for you, after all.

Thank you so much for joining us today, Davin.

Davin: Thank you for having me. It was a real pleasure to speak.

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The post Singing that Sounds Good – and Beyond, with Davin Youngs appeared first on Musical U.

The Ultimate Guide to Minor Keys

While major scales have their place in the joyful, the bright, and the hopeful, minor keys are the mastermind behind the music that tears at your heartstrings.

Best of all, minor keys do not limit you to songs that are exclusively sad and wistful; you can just as easily evoke feelings of mystery, dread, tension, and even hope and optimism. Believe it or not, countless pop songs are written in minor keys!

For example, Santana’s “Oye Como Va” is written in A minor, but many wouldn’t ever guess that from its jubilant groove:

Several questions arise: why do minor keys usually sound sad? What is the difference between major vs. minor keys? How do you play in a selected minor key?

In this comprehensive guide to minor keys, we’ll cover all of this and more. Read on to learn the theory behind minor keys, how to build minor scales, chords, and intervals, and how to listen for them in the songs you know and love.

Table of Contents

1. What is a Minor Key?

2. Finding Minor from Major

3. Minor Keys and the Circle of Fifths

4. Minor Scales

5. Building Chords in Minor Keys

6. Listening for Minor Keys

7. The World of Minor

What is a Minor Key?

First off, let’s understand minor keys by applying some basic music theory.

A musical key is, by definition, a certain collection of notes that a piece of music is composed in. There are a total of 12 minor keys, and each minor key contains seven notes that can be used to write music in that key.

So, what makes a minor key a minor key? It’s the pitch difference between the notes in the key. If arranged in ascending order, the seven notes within a key form a scale, which when played, makes that unmistakable wistful and sad sound.

Listen to the C major and C minor natural scales, and you can immediately recognize the upbeat, bright character of the major scale, and the melancholy mood of the minor scale:

C major scale

C natural minor scale

Tones and Semitones

Looking at the scores, it is evident that the two scales use different notes. Looking closer still, you can see that the spaces between the notes differ also.

The semitone is the smallest interval in Western music, and is the interval between two adjacent notes (for example, C and C♯). A whole tone, or simply a tone, is comprised of two semitones, with an example being C and D. Semitones and tones are also known as half steps and whole steps, respectively. For the purposes of this article, we will be using the semitone (ST) and tone (T) terminology. Modern Songstress has a more in-depth description of whole tones and semitones, for those interested.

Let’s look at how semitones and tones are used to build up the major and minor scale:

C major scale with tones and semitones

C minor scale with tones and semitones

Comparing the patterns:

  • T-T-ST-T-T-T-ST (major)
  • T-ST-T-T-ST-T-T (minor)

This difference in the sequence of steps results in each scale having a completely different sound.

As we will look at later, the most important difference between major and minor is the third note in the scale.

From One Scale to Three:

As we will see, there are not one, but three 7-note minor scales, each with their own rich, distinctive sound. However, one thing they share in common is the same tone-semitone pattern between the first five notes: T-ST-T-T.

In fact, all natural minor scales share this tone-semitone pattern. That’s right: whether the minor key is the accidental-free A minor or the A♯ minor scale that features seven sharps, the tone-semitone pattern never deviates in the natural minor scale.

With this knowledge, we can build a natural minor scale starting on any note. However, if you already know your major scales, there’s an easy way to figure out minor scales without counting tones and semitones.

Finding Minor from Major

Though they may sound worlds apart, major and minor keys are in fact closely related. You can easily convert major keys to minor keys simply by understanding the concept of relative keys.

Each major key has a relative minor, with which it shares a key signature.

The relative minor is found on the sixth scale degree of a major key, or three semitones down from its corresponding major key. For example, the relative minor of C major is A minor.

Try it out: what is the relative minor of F♯ major?

Show answer

The relative minor of F♯ major is D♯ minor.

For a bit more on this, head over to Essential Music Theory for another useful explanation of relative minors, including a great keyboard visualization of the concept.

Relative keys have a special relationship: not only do they share a key signature, but they contain all the same notes. Therefore, if you can name the notes of a major scale, you already know the pitches of its relative minor.

There exists another kind of relationship between major and minor keys: the parallel minor of a major key starts on the same note, but contains different notes. No Treble helpfully compares and contrasts the two concepts of relative minor and parallel minor.

Minor Keys and the Circle of Fifths

There’s an even easier way of understanding major-minor relationships, the notes contained within keys, and key signatures.

If you need to find all the notes within a certain minor key, you don’t need to count semitones and tones to find the notes or the relative minor – you can instead look directly to the Circle of Fifths to find which notes will be flatted or sharped:

Circle of Fifths with Major Keys, Minor Keys, and Key Signatures Shown

Finding the Notes Using the Circle

To understand minor key signatures and how they can help us find the notes contained in a minor key, remember: a relative minor is found three semitones down from its corresponding major key, with which it shares a key signature. On our handy circle of fifths, the outer circle contains the major keys, the inner circle shows their relative minors, and the key signatures of each are major-minor pairing are shown adjacent. If you really want to dig into the mechanics of the circle, Pianote gives an excellent explanation of the construction and works of the circle.

Let’s say you need to figure out the pitches found in C♯ minor. Looking at the circle, C♯ minor has four accidentals: F♯, C♯, G♯, and D♯. This means that starting with the tonic, your pitches for this key will be C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯, A, and B.

Try it yourself: what would the notes of the key of F minor be?

Show answer

The notes would be F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, and E♭.

Minor Key Signatures

To get used to finding key signatures on the Circle, try the exercise below. You’ll be given a specific key signature – look to the circle to find the minor key it belongs to.

A flat major and F minor key signature F major and D minor key signature D major and B minor key signature

Show answer

  1. F minor
  2. D minor
  3. B minor

It’s worth noting that you may not have the circle handy at all times. In these cases, there is a simple trick you can use to quickly determine the key signature from the key and vice versa, as detailed by A Higher Note.

Minor Scales

Minor scales offer rich harmonic and melodic variety that’s not found in major. In fact, there are a variety of minor scales available for your musical expression. Here, we’ll look at the three most ubiquitous and useful minor scales.

Bear in mind that there is actually another world of minor scales outside these three – the minor pentatonic is another useful scale, especially for soloing, as explained by Guitar Habits.

The Natural Minor Scale

Look closely at the pitches you derived from the circle of fifths – when placed in ascending order, they form a scale. The natural minor scale, to be exact. To verify this, you can count the whole tones and half tones and check if they fit the signature T-ST-T-T-ST-T-T pattern.

A natural minor scale with tones and semitones shown

How To Sing Smarter has created a great vocal exercise to get you singing in A natural minor. This will help you recognize the distinctive feel of the natural minor scale, as well as developing your sight-singing skills.

Moving beyond the natural minor, something interesting starts to happen when we add accidentals…

The Harmonic Minor Scale

If you make a little tweak to the natural minor by raising the seventh degree of the scale, you obtain the harmonic minor scale:

A harmonic minor scale

This raised seventh degree makes quite a difference in sound. It adds a hint of tension to the scale, which then resolves once the tonic is reached. The harmonic minor scale is a useful tool for jazz guitarists, and as Jazz Guitar Online explains, it can be used to solo over chord progressions in a fascinating way.

Once you get comfortable with the notes of harmonic minor scales, a world of improvisation opens up to you. Kent Hewitt shows how you can begin improvising in the fifth mode of a harmonic scale, which simply means using the fifth note of the harmonic scale as your tonic:

The Melodic Minor Scale

If you raise both the sixth and the seventh degrees of the natural minor scale, you’re left with the melodic minor scale:

A melodic minor scale

The notes in the A melodic minor scale are A, B, C, D, E, F♯, and G♯.

But wait! The melodic minor has more tricks up its sleeve. On the way down, the sixth and seventh degrees are lowered back down to their natural minor places:

A melodic minor scale descending

What?!  A scale that goes up one way and down the other? How could that be?

The melodic minor actually came about by reflecting how Baroque composers of the 1600s and 1700s solved the problems of minor harmonies (more on that later). The best part is that minor melodies in this scale offer two extra note choices than the standard seven-note scales.

The principle seems strange, but when you hear it all together, the melodic minor sounds quite musical:

The melodic minor is an interesting scale sonically. In the first half of the ascending scale, A-B-C-D-E follows the pattern of tone-semitone-tone-tone, the same as the natural minor. Meanwhile, the second half, E-F♯-G♯-A, is a tone-tone-semitone pattern, which is the beginning of a major scale pattern. Therefore, the scale starts off sounding minor, and then switches to sounding major. This lends an interesting, conflicting quality to the scale and places it somewhere between major and minor. It also gives it internal dissonance in the form of tritones, which is the name for an interval formed by three whole tones:

A minor melodic scale with tritones shown

The tension and musical interest that the tritones and major/minor ambiguity add to the melodic minor scale make it perfect for jazz and experimental music, though it is found in classical and popular music as well. An example is the famous “Carol of the Bells”:

If you’re a little unclear on how each of these minor scales is formed, check out MusicTheory.net’s step-by-step construction of the natural, harmonic, and melodic scales! Then, try forming each type of minor scale in different keys to cement your understanding. EarMaster provides an excellent exercise for building these scales in various keys.

Building Chords in Minor Keys

Because there is not one, but three different types of minor scales at your disposal, the opportunities for chord-building are bigger than with the major scale.

To build a chord on any note in a specific minor key, simply add a third and a fifth above the note, applying the key’s accidentals where appropriate.

Let’s take a look at the chords available to you from the natural, harmonic, and melodic minors. We will use Roman numeral notation to represent the chords built on each minor key scale degree – however, the Nashville number system, which uses regular numerals to denote scale degrees, may also be used.

Here are the chords built on the A natural minor scale. You’ll notice no accidentals, and that the resultant chords take on different qualities based on the distances between the notes:

Here are the chords built on the A harmonic minor scale. G♯ is present instead of G, because of the raised seventh degree in harmonic scales:

Lastly, here are the chords built on the A melodic minor scale. The sixth and seventh degrees are raised in the ascending scale, but not in the descending scale:

A melodic minor chords

When we write chord progressions in minor keys, we can use the chords directly from these scales. Depending on which minor scale we use, we can get different progressions:

  • If we use the natural minor scale, we will obtain a progression of i-iv-v (all minor chords)
  • With the harmonic minor, the progression is i-iv-V
  • With the melodic minor, the progression is i-IV-V

This is a big part of what makes minor keys so rich and nuanced.

Listening for Minor Keys

As you can see, the accidentals of minor keys will lead to the formation of chords that are either major, minor, augmented, or diminished. Let’s focus on those first two.

The Importance of the Minor Third

In many cases, what separates a major chord from a minor chord is the middle note – that is, the third. A major third will have a bright sound:

Major third interval

While a minor third will sound far more serious:

Minor third interval

The minor third is incredibly important in Western music. Not only does it help form the backbone of minor chords, but it sounds great as a standalone interval. In fact, it’s the darling of the jazz improvisation world, as detailed by Altobone.

There is a myriad of ways you can train your ear to distinguish major from minor, and even different types of minor scales and chords from one another. It is likely that your ear can already pick out minor key melodies from their wistful sound.

Major vs. Minor Chords

Let’s start with a straightforward comparison:

Listen to each – the difference should jump out at you. The major chord sounds bright and happy, while the minor chord sounds dark, gloomy and sad.

Chances are, your ear is quite good at telling apart major and minor. See if you can determine the tonality of the following chords! Answers are below.

Show answers

  • Example 1: C Major
  • Example 2: F Major
  • Example 3: G Minor
  • Example 4: E Minor
  • Example 5: B Minor
  • Example 6: E Major

You can extend this logic to a full song. If the tune sounds bright or happy, uses mostly major chords and generally comes to rest on a major chord, it’s probably a major key. If the song sounds dark and gloomy, uses mostly minor chords and generally comes to rest on a minor chord, it’s probably a minor key.

Predictably, transforming a major key song into a minor key song will result in a dramatic shift in the song’s mood. For example, listen to what happens to the Village People’s “YMCA” when it is transposed into a minor key:

The mood shifts considerably! Minor key versions of major songs sound darker, more tense, and more epic. 

Listening for the Tonic

The tonic is truly the anchoring point of a song. As such, songs often tend to begin and/or end on the tonic or on the chord built on the tonic.

In a song written in a minor key, the melody or chord progression will often conclude on the minor chord built on the tonic of that minor key.

For example, if we have a i-iv-v-i chord progression, it naturally resolves back to the tonic i chord:

i-iv-v-i chord progression in A minor

Listening for Minor Chord Progressions

Minor key chord progressions exist in many flavours, thanks to the presence of the natural, harmonic, and melodic minor scales. With some practice, you can train your ear to determine which scale the chord progression you’re hearing is based on.

Let’s have another look at the above progression:

i-iv-v-i chord progression in A minor

This i-iv-v-i progression is based on the natural minor scale, as evidenced by the lack of raised sixth and seventh degrees.

Let’s tweak this sequence slightly to form a progression based on the harmonic minor scale, by replacing the minor v chord with a major V chord. This is achieved by raising the seventh degree of the scale, which corresponds to the middle note in the chord built on the fifth degree of the scale. In A minor, this raises the G to a G♯:

i-iv-V-i chord progression in A minor harmonic

Listen for the difference between the i-iv-v-i and the i-iv-V-i progressions. What quality does that raised seventh lend to the latter progression?

This type of chord progression is where the harmonic minor scale becomes a handy soloing tool. As explained by Zombie Guitar, the A natural minor scale will sound great when soloing over those Am and Dm chords, but will not work with the E major (V) chord. However, the A harmonic minor will work beautifully over that major V chord.

As for the melodic minor scale, it is less commonly used as a basis for chord progressions. Composers tend to instead use it for melodies, as its name implies.

If we were to tweak our original i-iv-v-i progression to fit the notes of the A melodic minor scale, the resultant progression is i-IV-V-i:

i-IV-V-i chord progression in A minor melodic

The raised sixth degree results in a major chord built on the fourth degree of the scale, with the notes D, F♯, and A. As before, the raised seventh degree results in a major chord on the fifth degree of the scale, with the notes E, G♯, and B.

The World of Minor

As you delve deeper into the rich world of minor keys, melodies, and chord progressions, you’ll realize how much musical interest and depth they can add. The worlds of major and minor are certainly not separate – they often coexist beautifully, with a song containing both major and minor chords (and chord progressions!) that complement one another.

Equipped with everything you’ve learned in this Ultimate Guide to Minor Keys, listen and deepen your enjoyment of your favourite minor key songs, as you pick out the tonic minor chord, the scales that the riffs, licks, and solos are built on, and (after enough practice) the minor chord progressions you’re hearing.

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